Blümel, et al., 2015, Current Opinion in Biotechnology

Arrows indicate a promoting, T-ends indicate an inhibiting genetic interaction. Round dots at both ends mark an interaction without a known direction. Dashed lines denote an indirect interaction. Genes attributed as major regulators in the different flowering time pathways are written in bold. Red writing indicates the functional characterization of a gene as a flowering time regulator in cultivated species — although not necessarily with the same function as in Arabidopsis — by mutant analysis, sequencing and complementation analysis or heterologous expression, RNA interference, or clear linkage with a major QTL.